Категория 

Старт маршрута

00 Рочдельская ул., д. 15, с. 24

55.755453, 37.561998 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Трехгорная мануфактура, лофт-галерея "Надежда"

Этап 1

701 Shmitovskiy proyezd, d. 1

55.75872, 37.556419 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Drawing with pigeons in a window
The first word of the moral
Whomever
704 ulitsa Antonova-Ovseyenko, d. 5, korp. 2

55.75325, 37.538352 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Bulletin board near the building
Creatures to the left and to the right of the horseman

Отгадка


Ответ: Lion and Unicorn


Lion and Unicorn
707 Krasnaya Presnya Park  

55.753862, 37.54922 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Trans-Siberian train carriage in the western part of the park
Objects under the coat of arms

Отгадка


Ответ: Axe, anchor (топор, якорь)


Axe, anchor (топор, якорь)

Историческая справка

Krasnaya Presnya recreation and entertainment park is situated on the territory of Studenets estate. In the 18th century, when the estate belonged to princes Gagarins, this location was used to create a garden with artificial “Dutch-styled” canal-ponds. After the estate changed several owners, in the 1820-30’s, thanks to Governor-General Zakrevskiy the territory got a beautiful house designed by Domenico Gillardi and monuments to heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 by V. Stasov (now only a Tuscan column remains here, but it has been moved to a quiet remote corner of the park). In 1834, when the place was given to the state and later made part of the charitable institutions of Empress Mariya Fyodorovna, the Gardeners and Farmers Society opened a school "for educating the gardeners" here. This was the time when lots of visitors gathered in Studenets to enjoy performances and various park amusements. The historian S. Lyubetskiy mentioned a mysterious tent he had seen here, with a signboard saying "An invisible woman is shown here!” Krasnaya Presnya recreation and entertainment park itself was opened in 1932. The entrance gates built in the 1930’s were restored in 1998 by the architects A. Koroleva and N. Zhurina on the basis of an archive photo. Studenets estate was known as the “Russian Venice in the gardens” for the beauty of the Dutch park and the canal system. The curved canals still follow the park alleys and, together with graceful bridges, create picturesque landscapes.
735 Krasnopresnenskaya naberezhnaya, d. 16, str. 1  

55.74794, 37.543561 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Two commemorative signs near the building
The word starting with “E” on the taller sign
Embankmant

Историческая справка

A pedestrian and trading bridge over the Moscow river is a part of the unified architectural ensemble of Moscow City. The bridge was named after the prince Pyotr Bagration, a commander in the Patriotic War of 1812, who died of a wound he got on Borodinskoye field. The bridge was opened in September 1997 to celebrate Moscow’s 850th anniversary. The bridge consists of two levels: the lower is a glass indoor gallery, the upper has an observation deck with a picturesque view on the river, skyscrapers and the city’s centre. A remarkable sight on the bridge is a sculpture “The Tree of Life” made by Ernst Neizvestniy. As the author confessed, this sculpture is the most important of his creative works. Under the giant tree branches made of bronze and granite we see portraits of hundreds of most important historical personalities, from Adam and Eve to Yuriy Gagarin.
741 Shmitovskiy proyezd, d. 23, str. 5

55.756792, 37.543464 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Graffiti on the wall
An object on the head

Отгадка


Ответ: Headphones (наушники)


Headphones (наушники)
751 Shmitovskiy proyezd, d. 2, str. 1  

55.759287, 37.557503 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Find a sculpture of dancing children near the house
Animals on the boy`s chest

Отгадка


Ответ: lions


lions

Историческая справка

At the age of 21 Nikolay Shmit inherited the best furniture factory of Russia (among other things, the factory produced the throne of Tsar Nicholas II). Shmit was born to a rich family of Old Believers and was a relative of Savva Morozov. As a social group with violated rights, the Old Believers had reasons to dislike the tsarist regime. Many of them supported Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party and other opposition forces. Obviously those reasons defined Shmit’s political preferences, and he showed himself as a dedicated socialist. In the autumn of 1905 Shmit turned the factory into a real epicentre of revolutionary struggle by giving to workers 20,000 rubles for procuring weapons. Soon Shmit’s fully armed squads took an active part in the December riot. However, the riot was suppressed, and Shmit was imprisoned. In 1907 he was found dead — he either had committed suicide because of despair, or had been murdered. The Bolsheviks blamed gendarmes for his death, but now and then modern historians point at Bolsheviks themselves, who contracted marriages of convenience with Shmit’s sisters and got the young factory owner’s huge inheritance.
771 Riddle

55.74656, 37.539661 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Find Moscow in a city in a city in Moscow. Find several cascading fountains with prohibition signs on them
What does the sign on the far left prohibit?

Отгадка

The specified object is Moscow tower in Capital City multifunctional complex in Moscow City business district. There are several cascadic fountains around the complex.

Ответ: Handwashing


Handwashing
777 Riddle Рисунок к КП 777

55.756164, 37.554832 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Look at the picture. On the odd-numbered side of the street find the oldest building
Cardinal directions mentioned on the weather vane

Отгадка

In the picture we see man and tool which are in sky. "Man Tool In Sky" sounds accordant with Mantulinskaya.

Ответ: North, South


North, South
779 Riddle Рисунок к КП 779

55.748148, 37.539929 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Look at the old photo. It depicts construction of a building. Find a building with a similar use and a similar name in Moscow. There is an information board under the address plaque
For how long can a human being keep breathing?

Отгадка

The photo depicts construction of Empire State Building in New York. The mentioned building is Empire Tower in Moscow City.

Ответ: 1000 years


1000 years
750 ulitsa Krasnaya Presnya, d. 29

55.762326, 37.563908 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Jeffrey's Coffee
Signature of an official
Signature

Этап 2

705 Malaya Gruzinskaya ulitsa, d. 15, str. 10

55.763902, 37.571719 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Information board on the fence in front of the building
The name of the story by Varlam Shalamov
Gold Medal
708 Volkov pereulok, d. 7-9, str. 1 and 2

55.762879, 37.573189 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Space between the buildings
Number of columns
2
709 ulitsa Krasina, d. 27, str. 1

55.769745, 37.584634 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Column on the corner of the building
Сreature on the column
Griffon (griffin, gryphon, грифон)
719 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya ulitsa, d. 17  

55.766612, 37.577282 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Sculptures near the house. The sculpture of the Russian and American writer
English word in quotes
Farewell

Историческая справка

(Fragments of the text written by the Russian writer Venedikt Erofeev after Iosif Brodskiy won the Nobel Prize). “About Brodskiy. The Nobel Committee makes a mistake only once a year, as my friend said sarcastically once. I won’t write about Brodsky, it’s unnecessary. It’s more curious to find out what was said about Brodskiy at the end of October 1987 by the Moscow public, so familiar to me — from a nuclear physicist to a church watchman. I’ll be as brief as I can”. ...V. M., a translator, a far-right Catholic, “I’m not speaking about the positive side of the poem itself, it’s pretty obvious. But it has that feature which was earlier called “sanity in front of the higher authorities”. M., a far-left Orthodox Christian, "It is not that big a trouble, awarding a prize. Gone are the times when we were scared of tricks and catches of the Nobel Committee”. R., a professor of the First Medical Institute, “So, as I see, in Stockholm they follow a principle: everything is good what’s bad for the USSR”. B.S., a litterateur, “One should write OK or write badly. To write perfectly, as Brodskiy does, is ugly and sinful. And it offends the nation which stayed — against all odds — at home”. N.S., an art expert, “The main problem is not that he is a White émigré. The thing is that he has some immateriality. Despite his good qualities, he is deprived of something... something... which makes him fully deprived of that concrete something which he is deprived of(!!)”. ...I won’t go on in order not to tire you. I also won’t quote approving opinions for their overwhelming exclamations and also because I completely support them. Howbeit, the life of a literate Russian — I certainly know it — would be much colder and more deserted if poetry of Iosif Brodskiy for some reason didn’t exist. The following opinions have been reduced by myself and brought to a level of literary clarity.
V. Er.”
723 Novovagankovskiy pereulok, d. 5, str. 2  

55.758528, 37.568731 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Two-story house
Number on the yellow pipe
155

Историческая справка Рисунок к КП 723

The first location for celestial observatory in Moscow, a wooden structure on the roof of the university in Mokhovaya street, burned down in the fire in 1812. In 1830-31 a fully equipped observatory was built on the territory of the merchant Zoy Zosima’s estate (the merchant granted this territory to the university). The construction was initiated by the astronomy professor Dmitriy Perevoshchikov, who later became the rector of the university and also the director of the observatory for 20 years. The observatory was twice rebuilt — in 1854 and 1900. The tower got a rotating dome with a modern 15-inch astrographic telescope that still works. The Presnya observatory raised a pleiad of remarkable astronomers, three of them (Fyodor Bredikhin, Aristarkh Belopolskiy, and Aleksandr Mikhaylov) at different times headed the Pulkovo observatory, once the world’s largest one. In 1920 the observatory took the name of Pavel Shternberg, Bredikhin’s student, a Doctor of Astronomy, Honoured Professor of the university and a member of Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. He helped with storing weapons left from the Presnya riots of 1905, and was one of leaders of the Moscow rebellion of 1917. Shternberg State University of Astronomy was created on an observatory basis on 1937, and later moved to a new building in Leninskie Gory. Since 1979 the observatory has held the status of an architectural monument and houses the Museum of History of Astronomy of Moscow State University. The last scientific observations here were made in 1990.
727 Malaya Gruzinskaya ulitsa, d. 15  

55.764418, 37.570689 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Building of the “Old Museum” in the yard. A legendary creature in a medallion above the entrance
Total number of horns and hooves
5

Историческая справка Рисунок к КП 727

Timiryazev Moscow Biological State Museum was created in 1922 by the biologist Boris Zavadovskiy (a disciple of the biologist K. Timiryazev, the geneticist N. Koltsov and the physiologist I. Pavlov). The original collection of anatomical and biological preparations first occupied two halls of the University on Miusskaya Ploshchad. After the museum’s opening in May 1922 Zavadovskiy decided to draw it into city’s organic structure and turned the garden on Miusskaya Ploshchad into an exhibition of unique plants — the results of genetical research and artificial selection. Since then this garden has helped to spread biological knowledge and also has served as an example of a new practice: of gardening in districts which lacked greenery. In 1934, after the request of Maksim Gorkiy, Timiryazev Museum moved to a new building in Malaya Gruzinskaya Ulitsa, the complex built in Pseudo-Russian style — the estate of Pyotr Shchukin, a remarkable Russian collector of the 19th century, a merchant and a philanthropist. A few years later a greenhouse was built on its territory. The museum exposition certainly relates not only to greenery, but to Zavadovskiy's bravest investigations in unexplored areas of biology. An hot topic of the 1920’s — the hormones — was a subject of his scientific curiosity. Having studied the influence of hormones he found a way to change sexual characteristics of experimental hens and roosters, studied fertility of farm animals and developed methods of early diagnostics of pregnancy and identifying sex of a fetus (the future express-tests!), studied the question of environmental influence on an organism and the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
731 Nameless footpath between Zoologicheskaya ulitsa and Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya ulitsa

55.764702, 37.584596 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Drawings on the north-eastern wall of the Moscow Zoo
Redraw the icon between the penguins and the lion

Отгадка


Ответ: The icon


The icon
736 Bolshoy Predtechenskiy pereulok, d. 11-9

55.759358, 37.569187 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Mosaic to the right of the entrance
The largest island behind the cosmonauts
Greenland (Гренландия)
739 Sredniy Tishinskiy pereulok, d. 5/7, str. 1 Рисунок к КП 739 Рисунок к КП 739 Рисунок к КП 739 Рисунок к КП 739 Рисунок к КП 739 Рисунок к КП 739

55.769918, 37.577102 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Drawing on the left side of the building
Name of the character
Charlie (Charlie Chaplin), The Tramp
772 Riddle

55.765882, 37.577931 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Unexpectedly, there are no such cathedrals in Atlanta or Savannah. But there is one in Moscow. In the nearest public garden find a board with historical information
Name of the poem mentioned on the board

Отгадка

Atlanta and Savannah are cities in Georgia, U.S. state. But there are no cathedrals of Georgian Orthodox Church there. The only Georgian Orthodox Cathedral in Moscow is located on Gruzinskaya Ploshchad (Georgian Square). Georgians have lived here for centuries. The closest public garden is Georgievskiy.

Ответ: The Knight in the Panther`s skin (Витязь в тигровой шкуре)


The Knight in the Panther`s skin (Витязь в тигровой шкуре)
773 Riddle Рисунок к КП 773

55.766791, 37.587485 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

See the picture. The rescuer and the street have the same name. Find an unusual address sign on house 9 building 2
Address on the sign

Отгадка

In the picture we see a red tent. In the movie "The red tent", based on a true story, the expedition of Umberto Nobile, after the "Italia" airship wreckage in Arctic, was saved by "Krasin" icebreaker. The answer to the riddle is Ulitsa Krasina.

Ответ: VIA KRASINA 9


VIA KRASINA 9
720 Vasilyevskaya ulitsa, d. 13, str. 1

55.771846, 37.588155 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Barbara bar, summer terrace
Signature of an official

Отгадка



Этап 3

706 Triumfalnaya ploshchad

55.76979, 37.59536 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Tourist information centre
Hashtags on the column
#CitySightseeing, #CityExpert
712 Intersection of Bolshaya Bronnaya ulitsa and Malaya Bronnaya ulitsa  

55.75993, 37.596762 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Monument on the street corner. An inscription under the foundation of the menorah
Redraw the first letter of the inscription
ש

Историческая справка

Alphabetic languages form the groups depending on letters which are used in such languages. The most well-known groups are Cyrillic (which includes the Russian language), Latin (which includes the English language), and also the Arabic script (in which the Koran is written) and the Hebrew alphabet (in which Moses’ Pentateuch, or the five books of the Old Testament, are written). The text written in the Cyrillic or Latin scripts are read from left to right, in the Arabic and the Hebrew scripts — from right to left, and in the scripts of numerous languages of Eastern Asia we meet both horizontal and vertical texts. There is an opinion that, for example, Hebrew is written and read from right to left because the first texts in Hebrew were embossed on stone. When embossing with a chisel and a hammer, it is much more comfortable to hold a hammer in the right hand and direct the stroke from right to left.
722 Povarskaya ulitsa, d. 52/55  

55.758191, 37.586959 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Yard-facing facade and wings
Total number of pillars
22

Историческая справка

Lev Tolstoy dedicated many pages of his novel “War and Peace” to Moscow, its life and the customs of its citizens starting from the nobility and ending with the lower classes — workers, tradesmen and others. He wrote about the fire and liberation of Moscow in 1812, he described certain streets and homes with loving accuracy. For example, the house in Povarskaya ul., 52 — a spacious building with widely spread side wings, according to the descriptions in the novel, became a prototype of the Rostovs’ Mansion. Nearby, also in Povarskaya ulitsa, there was a place where P. Bezukhov saved a small girl and protected an Armenian girl from French marauders.
724 Pervy Tverskoy-Yamskoy pereulok, d. 11

55.773272, 37.596899 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Cubical monument in the courtyard
Year

Отгадка


Ответ: 2002


2002
725 Granatniy pereulok, d. 7, str. 1

55.759324, 37.589915 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Sculpture on a wall in the courtyard
Three-letter human organ
Ear
729 Miusskaya ploshchad, d. 4

55.776139, 37.593219 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Information plaque to the right of the entrance
What is the centre for?
Relativistic Astrophysics
743 ploshchad Tverskaya Zastava, d. 7, srt. 1

55.776814, 37.581697 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Plaques to the right of entrance No. 1
Cities mentioned on the plaques
Paris, Moscou (Moskau), Berlin (Москва, Берлин, Париж)
744 ulitsa Spiridonovka, d. 17, str. 1

55.761156, 37.592326 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Artwork on the fence
The word between the numbers on the plaque nearby
plus
745 Intersection of Malaya Bronnaya ulitsa and Spiridonyevskiy pereulok

55.762456, 37.595167 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Garden for regular meetings. Inscription on the wall
The third material
Moss (мох)
774 Riddle Рисунок к КП 774

55.765688, 37.594807 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

See the map. Find a tile with a drawing on the wall at the place indicated by the arrow
Rewrite the three-word phrase in the left part of the tile

Отгадка

The arrow on the blind map indicates the exact position of a tile in the yard of Bolshoy Kozikhinskiy Pereulok 30.

Ответ: Save and save


Save and save
778 Riddle

55.778094, 37.58543 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

260119200122140925 1605180521121511. In this place find a signpost pointing to a church
Occupation of the saint according to the signpost

Отгадка

If you change the numbers to the letters according to the alphabetical numbering, you get Zastavniy pereulok.

Ответ: The Miracle-worker


The Miracle-worker
700 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya ulitsa, 4-6, str. 1V

55.761263, 37.580167 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Table inside Disco Burger
Signature of an official
Signature

Этап 4

711 ulitsa Nikolayeva, d. 4

55.755857, 37.568838 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Shop with two obelisks at the entrance
What is there above the entrance doors?

Отгадка


Ответ: The sun (солнце)


The sun (солнце)
717 Novinskiy bulvar, d. 25, korp. 1  

55.756744, 37.581045 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Southern end of the building
Number of semicircle balconies
3

Историческая справка

The Narkomfin (People’s Commissariat of Finance) building is a renowned monument of avant-garde architecture, a building designed for a new — communal — type of living and according to the new theories of Soviet urban planning. Its construction was started in 1928 and lasted for 2 years. The architects were Moisey Ginsburg and Ignatiy Milinis. The main building consists of various residential units, many of which have two levels. The main building is connected by the overground passage with the public block (a cube with a big glass window on one side), which was designed to house a canteen and a library. Apart from the unevenly organised space, the colours for flats were chosen under the guidance of Bauhaus specialists. It is now proven that this building and some other Soviet architectural ideas had influence on the famous Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. It may certainly be noticed in his apartment building “Immeuble Clarté” in Geneva, or the “Unité d'Habitation” (The Dwelling Unit) in Marseille.
718 Novinskiy Bulvar, d. 25-27, str. 10

55.757175, 37.583477 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Monument near the house
What is behind the man's back on the monument?
tree/log, coat (дерево/бревно, пальто)
726 Bolshaya Gruzinskaya ulitsa, d. 4-6, str. 9  

55.761815, 37.580302 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Fragment of an old wooden structure behind glass
Number of visible butt-ends of logs, including partially visible ones
6

Историческая справка

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was a Russian scientist, a writer, who compiled Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language. He spent his final years in Presnya, a very picturesque place in those days, close to Presnenskiy ponds. The Collection of Russian Proverbs (1861-1862) and his magnum opus, the 4 volumes of The Dictionary of Living Great Russian Language (1863-1866), were published during this period. The dictionaries take the main place in the exposition of Dal Museum, there is also a map of his journeys, fragments of a unique card-file with every word (when compiling the dictionary, Dal was constantly amending his own work). There is a complete set of his works, articles on education and reforms, from which we discover that Dal also as a statesman, a writer and a geographer. Dal Museum is supported by The Society of the Russian Language Arts. In the 19th century it helped the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language see the world. There were plenty of collectors and lexicographers, but it was Dal who united the literary and the folk languages.
734 Konyushkovskaya ulitsa, Gorbatiy Bridge

55.75538, 37.576246 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

White bollards between the main part of the bridge and the sidewalks
Total number of bollards
27
748 Novinskiy bulvar, d. 13, str. 4

55.753936, 37.581516 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Sculpture near the entrance
Сountry mentioned
Austria
775 Riddle

55.759002, 37.580655 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

These buildings were deliberately designed as architectural landmarks. But their style was not original. They have had a number of prototypes in another country. Among these buildings find the closest one to the embassy of this country. A memorial plaque with an airplane on the southern side of the building
Number of parallels on the plaque

Отгадка

The Seven Sisters (Stalinskie Vysotki, "Stalin highrises") were built after the victory in Great Patriotic War. One of the reason to build them was to create new urban landmarks instead of old bell-towers. They were designed in an architectural style similar to classic American skyscrapers: Manhattan Municipal Building, Wrigley Building in Chicago and some others. The closest one to the American embassy is Kudrinskaya Square Building.

Ответ: 3


3
776 Riddle Рисунок к КП 776

55.753289, 37.574648 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

See the map
Quantity of lighting devices on a pedestal

Отгадка

The street junction depicted here looks similar to a star. Its rays are Novoarbatskiy most, Konyushkovskaya ulitsa, Noviy Arbat, Krasnopresnenskaya and Smolenskaya naberezhnaya. The indicated place is a monument to Stolypin.

Ответ: 8


8

Финиш маршрута

99 Рочдельская ул., д. 15, с. 24  

55.755564, 37.561998 (OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Yandex Maps)

Трехгорная мануфактура, лофт-галерея "Надежда"

Историческая справка Рисунок к КП 99

В 1799 году купец Василий Прохоров основал в Москве ситценабивную мануфактуру, которую назвали Трехгорной по названию местности. После Отечественной войны Василий Прохоров передал мануфактуру своему сыну Тимофею.
Тимофей Прохоров, взявшись за дела, обнаружил, что большинство рабочих фабрики были неграмотны, а, между тем, производство требовало уже грамотных работников. Это привело к тому, что в 1816 году Прохоров открыл первую в России фабричную ремесленную школу. Все расходы на её содержание он взял на себя. В этой школе обучалось около 30 мальчиков — дети рабочих мануфактуры и жителей Москвы. В 1830 году, после эпидемии холеры в Москве, Прохоров, желая облегчить участь сирот, принял в эту школу 100 детей-сирот. Он сам лично ежедневно проверял процесс обучения в училище. Воодушевлённый успехами школы, Тимофей Прохоров затеял создание технологического училища, но эта затея не нашла отклика в обществе, и тогда он открыл фабрику-школу. Учеников в этой школе учили письму, чтению, арифметике и необходимым ремесленным искусствам. Наиболее усердным ученикам выплачивалось жалование приказчика. Желавшим получить высшее образование нанимались учителя. Многие из тех, кто прошёл обучение в этой школе, впоследствии сами стали фабрикантами и коммерсантами.